A. Demograph
Title : Theories of Semantics: Merits and Limitations
Searcher
1: Saleh Mustafa Ramadan
From :
Al-Zaytoonah Private University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
Searcher
2: Taleb I. Ababneh
From :
Irbid National University- Jordan, Irbid, Jordan.
Pages :
9
B. Content
This
article discuss about some of the well–known theories of meaning formulated in
the last century. Mainly referential theory of meaning, non– referential theory
of meaning and generative grammarian theory of meaning.
C. Result/Finding
Meaning
is the Relationship between Words and Objects
Greek
philosophers say that the best way of indicating the meaning of a word is to
refer to the object represented by that word.
Meaning
is a Triangular Relationship
The
symbol is the spoken or written word by picture; the reference is the
information that the spoken or written shape of the word conveys to the reader/
hearer; and the referent is the thing or the object we talk about.
Bloomfield’s
View of Meaning
Bloomfield
(1933) said that the context of situation was an essential part of meaning, and
the meaning of a linguistic form as the situation in which the speaker utters
it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer.
The
Non–Referential Theory of Meaning
The
non–referential as suggested by its name doesn’t take into consideration the
context of situations or the reference in determining what meaning is. There is
a relationship between language and the outside world because language doesn’t
exist in vacuum.
The
Generative Grammarian Theory
This
approach was based on the assumption that syntactic rules operate independently
of meaning.
Strength and Weakness
Strength
: this article has many theories based on many experts. So it can convince the
reader to use this article to get more their knowledge of semantic. Also, can
make the reader more understand.
Weakness
: this article just has few example. Actually readers more easy to understand
with example rather than theory.
E. Conclusion
The
main principles of three well–known theories of meaning, namely the referential
theory to meaning, the non–referential theory to meaning and the generative
grammarian theory to meaning.
NABILA FIRDA ASY’ARI
A. Demograph
Title : Semantics and Theories of Semantics
Author : Abbas
Bukhari
Pages : 15
B. Content
This
article told the meaning of semantics and the ways to solve the difficulties in
the study of meaning And discussed the different aspect of meaning, some term
and distinction in semantics.
C. Result/ Findings
How
is language organized in order to be meaningful? This is the question we ask and
attempt to answer at the level of semantics. Semantics is that level of
linguistic analysis where meaning is analyzed. Meaning is related very closely
to the human capacity to think logically and to understand. So when we try to
analyze meaning, we are trying to analyse our own capacity to think and
understand, our own ability to create meaning.
Meaning
can be any of the following:
1.
An intrinsic property of some thing
2.
Other words related to that word in a dictionary
3.
The connotations of a word
4.
The thing to which the speaker of that word refers
5.
The thing to which the speaker of that word should refer
6.
The thing to which the speaker of that word believes himself to be referring
7.
The thing to which the hearer of that word believes is being referred to.
D. Strength and Weakness
Strength
: this article served with complete the explanation, theories, and many
examples of semantics. It can make the readers easier to understand.
Weakness
:to much word in this article. So, i had got confused about this article.
E. Conclusion
The
problem of ‘meaning’ is quite difficult; it is because of its toughness that
some linguists went on to the extent of excluding semantics from linguistics. When
we talk about meaning, we are talking about the ability of human beings to
understand one another when they speak. This ability is to some extent
connected with grammar. Also, The sound patterns of language are studied at the
level of phonology and the organization of words and sentences is studied at
the level of morphology and syntax.
SUSI LESTARI
A. Demograph
Title : Frame semantics a brief introduction
Author
: Diego Gavagna
From :
Aarhus University, 2013
Pages :
12
B. Content
This
article give a comprehensive explanation on how meanings are structured and
associated to words in a semantic structure. Then, how these provide access to
our conceptual system, and the inventory of structured knowledge that we use to
navigate the world. It describes the
relation between words that cannot just be ascribed to structural semantic
relations like hyponymy, synonymy or antonym and the interdependencies between
words based on background knowledge that humans acquire through experience and
store in long-term memory.
C. Result/Findings
Frame
semantics can be thought of as the effort to understand what reason a speech
community might have found for creating the category represented by the word,
and to explain the word’s meaning by presenting and clarifying that reason.
From
these word, beside the systemic interrelations between words and between the
respective underlying concepts, emerges one further characteristic of frame
semantics, namely, that knowledge is grounded in human interaction with others
and with the world. Thus, frames are prior expectations and knowledge about the
world that is the whole time strengthen, weakened and transformed according to
the information our brain receives from the perceptive senses.
So
that boy would be defined as [human], [male], [young]. girl would be described
as [human],[minus male], [young].The necessary and sufficient condition for it
would be [human],[male], [adult], [minus married]. However this definition
would include as bachelor also the Pope, proving that the accuracy of
the definition is strongly undermined.
D. Strength and Weakness
Strength
: The interest thing in this article is Frame semantics. It served with clear
example that can make us will be easy to understand.
Weakness:
the author said his dissertation is can not be considered exhaustive, but he
have tried to give described the main terms of the theory.
E. Conclusion
Many
other authors have developed this framework, including the remarkable attempt
by Lakoff & Johnson in describing the concept of reframing in political
discourse based on frame semantics’ approach and the role of metaphors and metonymy
in natural languages. Lakoff’s approach is particularly interesting because it
is not just an analytical framework but very much also a set of practical tools
usable in everyday life. The important contribution is proposed by Fauconier
and Turner describing the characteristics of mental spaces that pose the ground
for blending theory.
ANNISA SEPTIANI
A. Demograph
Title : Modern
Linguistics Semantics
Author
: Kate Kearns,Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics.
From :
University of Canterbury New Zealand.
Upload
: Pooja Saikia
B. Content
This
article concentrated on literal meaning, the content of word, and expressions
which is fairly constant from one occasion of use to another. Also, this
article discussed The kind of semantic/pragmatic.
C. Result/Findings
This
article present the kinds of meaning:
1. Denotation and sense
The
general point is that linguistic expressions are linked in virtue of their
meaning to parts of the world around us, which is the basis of our use of
language to convey information about reality. The denotation of an expression
is the part of reality the expression is linked to.
The
second way of giving the meaning of a word, commonly used in dictionaries, is
to paraphrase it,
The
most widely discussed form of the sense/denotation distinction is the means‘the
blue train’ is to say that the French expression and the English expression
have the same sense.sense/reference distinction. An expression
which denotes just one individual is said to refer to that
individual. Titles and proper names are common referring expressions
2. Lexical and Structural Meaning
lexical
meaning, which is the meaning of the individual words.
Structural
meaning mainly comprises the meaning derived from the syntactic structure of an
expression, for example: , which is the meaning of the way the words are
combined.
3. Categorematic expressions, which
include the vast majority of words, are the descriptive words such as nouns,
adjectives and verbs.
Stregth and Weakness
Strength
: this article served clear explanation and so deeper. So, you can know more
about semantics by this article. Then, the example and tips from the author can
help us to easier understand.
Weakness
: this article does not clear explain some sub topic. It can make
misunderstanding in the reader.
E. Conclusion
.Semantics
provides the literal meaning of the elements I, forget, past tense, the and
paper. And many examples we can found there. This journal has been explain
about meaning such as semantics,kind, semantics,lexical and
structural meaning and etc.
