Morphology

Definition Morphology according to the expert: 

“Morphology, the study of the internal structure of words, deals with the forms of lexemes (inflection), and with the ways in which lexemes are formed (word-formation). New words are made on the basis of patterns of form-meaning correspondence between existing words. Paradigmatic relationships between words are therefore essential, and morphology cannot be conceived of as ‘the syntax of morphemes’ or ‘syntax below the word level’ (ibid:14)

“The two basic functions of morphological operations are (i) the creation of new words (i.e. new lexemes), and (ii) spelling out the appropriate form of a lexeme in a particular syntactic context.”

“Morphology serves to expand the lexicon, the set of established words of a language, but is not the only source of lexical units, and not even that of all complex words, which also arise through borrowing, univerbation, and word creation.”

“The established (simplex and complex) words of a language are listed in the lexicon, an abstract linguistic notion, to be distinguished from the notions ‘dictionary’ and ‘mental lexicon’. Morphological rules have two functions: they specify the predictable properties of the complex words listed in the lexicon, and indicate how new words and word forms can be made.”

Morphology  is the study of morphemes, which are the smallest significant units of grammar.
In morphology, there are Free and bound morphemes :

• Free morphemes is morphemes which can occur freely in their own
• Bound morphemes is morphemes which can only occur as affixes. This morphemes are divided into two types : (affixes) those like ‘dis-’ and ‘un-‘ and (prefixes) those like ‘-ly’ and ‘–ness’.

Derivational morphology :
-        Commonly occurring prefixes are ‘be-‘, ‘de-‘, ‘en-‘, ‘ex-‘, ‘hyper-‘, ‘pre-‘, ‘pro-‘, ‘re-‘, ‘sub-‘, ‘super-‘, and ‘trans-‘. Prefixes  alter meaning but do not always changes the function of the word.
-       Commonly occurring suffixes always change the class of the word.
a.    Word ending in the morphemes ‘-acy’, ‘-ation’, ‘-er/-or’, ‘-ess’, ‘-ity’, ‘-ment’, ‘-ness’, and ‘-ship’ tend to be nouns :
Democracy               actor               weakness

b.    Words ending ‘-ise/ize’ tends to be verbs :
epitomise                               hospitalise

c.    Words ending ‘-able’, ‘-ed’, ‘-ful’, ‘-ical’, ‘-ive’, ‘-less’, ‘-like’, ‘-ous’, and ‘-y’ tends to be adjectives :
Enjoyable                              polished                    comical         
Diminutives                          helpless                    industrious

d.    Words which end in ‘-ly’ tend to be adverb :
Quickly                                  securely
Thus, there are words which end in ‘-ly’ that function as adjectives and not as adverbs, such as :
          Lovely                                      friendly
        a lovely girl                             a friendly

References:

Belajar Bahasa Inggris Online
http://www.englishindo.com/2011/02/morphology-pembukaan.html#ixzz44y029Wt9